Archaeology Odyssey

Bernadette J. Brooten, “The Jews of Ancient Antioch,” in Antioch, p. 30.

Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet 5.194, 10.439. See Glanville Downey, Ancient Antioch (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), p. 59.

Christine Kondoleon, “The City of Antioch: An Introduction,” in Antioch: The Lost Ancient City, ed. Christine Kondoleon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 7.

See Kennedy, The Twin Towns of Zeugma, p. 247.

The roof tiles Wagner found bore the insignia of Rome’s IV Scythia legion, a military unit known to have been based at the Syrian city of Zeugma. References to Zeugma and its strategic importance can be found in many classical texts, including Pliny’s Natural History, Strabo’s Geography, and the writings of Diodorus Siculus.

For a review of the modern scholarship relating to Zeugma, see David Kennedy, The Twin Towns of Zeugma on the Euphrates: Rescue Work and Historical Studies (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1998).

Tertullian, Apology 9:2–4, trans. T.R. Glover (Loeb Classical Library, 1931).