Bible Review

D. Kellerman (s.v. twylk, Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. Johannes Botterwech and Helmer Ringgren [Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1974–2001], vol. 7, p. 181) suggests that heart and kidneys together are meant to encompass the total interior life by representing both the upper and lower parts of the trunk and (respectively) the rational and emotional faculties.

English translations used throughout are primarily from the New Jewish Publication Society version of the Hebrew Bible.

It’s impossible to know whether the last word originally read “life” or “kingdom.” In truth, it could have been either, for the terms are used interchangeably in the Gospel of Mark to describe eternal life and the kingdom of God (Mark 9:43, 45 vs. 9:47; 10:17 vs. 10:23–24).

Origen, Contra Celsum 6.16.

Except for the Gospel of the Savior, quotations from the noncanonical gospels are from Robert J. Miller, The Complete Gospels: Annotated Scholars Version, Revised and Expanded (Sonoma, CA: Polebridge, 1994).

Wilhelm Schneemelcher and Robert McLachlan Wilson, New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings, rev. ed. (Louisville/Cambridge: Westminster John Knox/James Clarke, 1991).

See Charles W. Hedrick, “Secret Mark,” The Fourth R 13:5 (2000), pp. 3–10.

H. Idris Bell and T.C. Skeat, Fragments of an Unknown Gospel and Other Early Christian Papyri (London: British Museum, 1935).

Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, LOGIA IESOU: Sayings of Our Lord from an Early Greek Papyrus (London: Egyptian Exploration Society, 1897).

See Charles Harold Dodd, “A New Gospel,” in Dodd, New Testament Studies (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1953), pp. 12–52. The paper originally appeared in the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library in 1936. A year earlier, in 1935, the editor of P52 dated it to the first half of the second century. See C.H. Roberts, An Unpublished Fragment of the Fourth Gospel in the John Rylands Library (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1935).