Bible Review

Nineteenth-century advertisement used by the American-based Brattleboro Typographic Company, quoted in Paul G. Gutjahr, An American Bible: a History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777–1880 (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1999), p. 64.

Frederick N. Bohrer, s.v. “Austen Henry Layard,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, ed. Eric M. Meyers (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997), vol. 3, p. 338.

Austen Henry Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, or Devil-Worshippers; and an Inquiry into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians (London: John Murray, 1849).

Despite the influential nature of these views, the reader should not come away with the notion that the German theological academy was entirely dominated by the works of the Neologists and Rationalists. Many conservative Protestant biblical scholars, particularly confessing Lutherans, took grave exception to these ideas, writing powerful attacks against the authors and, in some instances, securing the dismissals of their adversaries from German institutions of higher learning.

Edward B. Pusey, Historical Enquiry into the Probable Causes of the Rationalist Character Lately Predominant in the Theology of Germany (1828). Cited in John W. Rogerson, Old Testament Criticism in the Nineteenth Century: England and Germany (London: SPCK, 1984), p. 167.

Wilhelm M.L. de Wette, Beiträge zur Einleitung in das Alte Testament (Halle: Schimmelpfennig, 1806–1807).

Johann Benjamin Koppe, D. Robert Lowth’s Lord Bischops zu London: Jesaias neu übersetzt nebst einer Einleitung und critischen philologischen und erläuternden Anmerkungen (Leipzig: Bey Weidmanns Erben und Reich, 1779–1781), vol. 3, p. 206.

Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, Einleitung ins Alte Testament, 2nd rev. and enlarged edition (Leipzig: Bey Weidmanns Erben und Reich, 1787), p. 349ff.

Archibald Henry Sayce, The “Higher Criticism” and the Verdict of the Monuments, 5th edition (London: SPCK, 1895).