Bible Review

Josephus, The Jewish War 1.175, 4.54; Antiquities of the Jews 14.01.

Baruch Halpern, personal communication with author, September 1999.

Ladd, Commentary, p. 216; William S. Lasor, The Truth About Armageddon (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), p. 144; Mounce, Book of Revelation, pp. 301–302.

Where exactly in or around Jerusalem this final battle will take place is debated, but the Valley of Jehoshaphat is thought to be the most likely location, based upon possibly related references in Ezekiel 38–39 and Joel 3:1–16. See Hindson, “Libya,” p. 58.

The identity of these nations, which John labels Gog and Magog and which are also mentioned in Ezekiel 38–39, has been much debated. See esp. Ed Hindson, “Libya: A Part of Ezekiel’s Prophecy?” Fundamentalist Journal (June 1986), p. 57; and Meredith G. Kline, “Har Magedon: The End of the Millennium,” JETS 39:2 (1992), pp. 213–222.

Hans K. LaRondelle, “The Biblical Concept of Armageddon,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society (JETS) 28:1 (1985), p. 24; Ed Dobson, Fifty Remarkable Events Pointing to the End: Why Jesus Could Return by A.D. 2000 (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1997), p. 136; cf. Edwin Yamauchi, “Updating the Armageddon Calendar: A Review of Walvoord’s Armageddon, Oil and the Middle East Crisis,” Christianity Today, 29 April 1991, p. 50.

This article is adapted from Eric Cline’s The Battles of Armageddon (Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 2000) and is published here by permission of the University of Michigan Press (www.press.umich.edu).