Bible Review

This stanza is found in tablet 11, lines 1–7. The translation is that of E.A. Speiser (The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures ed. James B. Pritchard [Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1958], pp. 65–66).

For opposing opinions on this matter, cf., e.g., de Moor, An Anthology of Religious Texts, p. 145 n. 33, which identifies the two, and J.C.L. Gibson, Canaanite Myths and Legends, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1978), p. 29 n. 1, which denies the equation.

The translation is that of Johannes C. de Moor, An Anthology of Religious Texts from Ugarit (Leiden: Brill, 1987), pp. 85–86.

See Hans Wildberger, Isaiah 13–27 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997), pp. 54–55. It is perhaps best to agree with the words of Robert H. O’Connell: “A precise identification of a particular historical figure seems unlikely” (“Isaiah xiv 4b–23: Ironic Reversal Through Concentric Structure and Mythic Allusion,” Vetus Testamentum 38:4 [1988], p. 417).

Augustine, City of God 11.13–15; cf. Augustine, The City of God, trans. Marcus Dods (New York: Modern Library, 1950), pp. 358–359.

Origen, De Principiis 1.5; cf. Ante-Nicene Fathers 4.259.

Tertullian, Against Marcion 5.11, 17; cf., e.g., The Ante-Nicene Fathers, 3.454, 466.

The Scofield Reference Bible (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1909), p. 726.

The translation is that of the New International Version (except that “Lucifer” has been substituted for “morning star” and “Sheol” for “the grave”).

From Hermann Gunkel derives the formula for this apocalyptic principle, Urzeit wird Endzeit “primeval time becomes the endtime.” His classic work on the subject is Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1895).