Bible Review

Dan Urman, “Jewish Inscriptions from the Village of Dabbura in the Golan,” in Ancient Synagogues Revealed, pps. 154–156.

See Lee I. Levine, ed. Ancient Synagogues Revealed, (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981), passim.

See Kraeling, The Synagogue.

See Y. Meshorer, Jewish Coins of the Second Temple Period (trans. I.H. Levine) (Tel Aviv: Am Hasseser and Massada, 1967).

See Nahman Avigad, “Jerusalem Flourishing—A Craft Center for Stone, Pottery, and Glass,” BAR 09:06, esp. p. 56.

See Joseph Gutmann, “The ‘Second Commandment’ and the Image in Judaism,” Hebrew Union College Annual 32 (1961), pp. 161–174.

Antiquities of the Jews 8.7.5.

See Josephus, Jewish War 1.33.2–3; Antiquities of the Jews 17.6.2–8.3.

For a synopsis of Jewish attitudes toward images during this period, see the learned and beautifully written treatment by Carl Hermann Kraeling, The Synagogue, Excavations at Dura-Europos, Final Report VII, pt. 1 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1956; reprinted, New York: Ktav, 1979), pps. 340–346.

See Ephraim Stern, “Pesel, Passalut” (“sculpture, sculpturing,” in Hebrew) Encyclopedia Miqra’it, vol. 6 (Jerusalem: Mosad Bialik, 1971), cols. 526–525.