Bible Review

Zimmerman (Book of Tobit, pp. 9–11, 80) suggests that the heart and liver once served separate functions and notes that several versions drop the reference to the liver.

Nowell, “Book of Tobit,” pp. 108–109, n. 5. Tobit and Tobias derive from the Hebrew for “the Lord is my good”; Raguel is from “friend of God” (the name is shared with Moses’ father-in-law [Exodus 2:18; Numbers, 10:29] and is the name of an archangel in 1 Enoch 20:4, cf. 23:4); Raphael is from “God heals”; and Azariah is from “God has helped.”

Bow and Nickelsburg, “Patriarchy with a Twist,” p. 138.

See the more extended discussion in Bow and Nickelsburg, “Patriarchy with a Twist.”

Nowell, “Book of Tobit,” p. 191.

These consequences are fully described in 1 Enoch 6–11, the account of the fall of the watchers (i.e., those angels entrusted with the task of protecting mankind).