Bible Review

The devastating plague of locusts described in the book of Joel (6th century B.C.E.) is considered a unique event, not comparable to the Egyptian plagues. Similarly, in Joel 3:3–4 (2:30–31 in English), where the moon turns to blood and the sun to darkness; this is very unlike the plagues in Egypt if, in fact, the images in Joel are to be taken literally and not metaphorically.

D. R. Hillers, Treaty and the Old Testament Prophets (Rome: PBI, 1964); M. Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomy School (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), pp. 116–146.

Commentary to Exodus 7:26.

Commentary to Exodus 10:1.

Commentary to Exodus 7:26. The verse citations follow the traditional Hebrew enumeration.

Sarah Singer, Judaism (Spring 1987).

A.L. Oppenheim, “A Note on son barzel,” Israel Exploration Journal 5 (1955), pp. 89–92; cf. D.F. Easton, “Hittite Land Donations with Tabarna Seals,” Journal of Cuneiform Studies 33 (1981), pp. 3–43, with full bibliography.

Text: G.A. Reisner and M.B. Reisner, “Inscribed Monuments from Gebel Barkal,” Zeitschrift fur Ägyptsche Sprache 69 (1933), p. 30; translation: B. Cumming, Egyptian Historical Records of the Later Eighteenth Dynasty I (Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1982), p. 3, 1233.6.

Text in Kitchen, Rameside Inscriptions II.2 (Oxford, Blackwell, 1970), p. 80; translation: Sir Alan Gardiner, The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II (Oxford, Griffith Inst., 1960), p. 12, Poem 262.

Text in Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions II 5 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1971), p. 266; translation: James H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt III (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1906), ss.403.