Bible Review

1 Enoch 10:10, 25:6 in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, ed. James H. Charlesworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983), pp. 18, 26. Cf. Lang, “No Sex in Heaven: The logic of Procreation, Death, and Eternal Life in the Judaeo-Christian Tradition,” in Mélanges bibliques et orientaux en l’honneur de M. Mathias Delcor, ed. André Caquot et al. (Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag, 1985), pp. 237–253, especially p. 238f.

One Jewish martyr is reported to have declared, “It was from Heaven that I received these [limbs]; for the sake of his law I disdain them; from him I hope to receive them again” (2 Maccabees 7:11).

Cf. Isaiah 26:19 and Gerhard Hasel, “Resurrection in the Theology of Old Testament Apocalyptic,” Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 92 (1980), pp. 267–284. Lang, “Street Theater, Raising the Dead, and the Zoroastrian Connection in Ezekiel’s Prophecy,” Ezekiel and His Book, ed. Johan Lust (Louvain, Belgium: Louvain Univ. Press, 1986), pp. 297–316.

Boyce, A History Of Zoroastrianism, vol. 1, pp. 325–330.

Verses 12b–13, referring to graves is, in my opinion, a later addition or gloss.

Mary Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1975), vol. 1, p. 236; Boyce, “On the Antiquity of Zoroastrian Apocalyptic,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 47 (1984), pp. 57–75.

Gilgamesh, tablet 7, in Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, ed. James B. Pritchard, 3rd ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969), p. 87; cf. pp. 107, 509 for further Mesopotamian texts.

Job 14:21. Cf. also Isaiah 43:16, a passage that makes Yahweh the only “father” of Israel, while asserting that “Abraham does not know us nor Israel [i.e., the patriarch Jacob] acknowledge us”; Spronk, Beatific Afterlife, p. 255.

Presupposed in Deuteronomy 26:14, see Brichto, “Kin, Cult, Land and Afterlife,” p. 28f.; see also Jacob Milgrom, “First-born,” in The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, suppl. vol. (Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1976), p. 338.

For the possibility of identifying the “household gods” (teraphim) as ancestors, cf. Tsukimoto, Untersuchungen zur Totenpflege, p. 104f. The measures taken by King Josiah are echoed in Leviticus 19:31, 20:6, 27; Deuteronomy 18:11.