Biblical Archaeology Review

For the possibility of a defensive system at Jericho in the Late Bronze Age, see Frendo, Pre-Exilic Israel, p. 79, n. 49, and Kathleen M. Kenyon, Digging up Jericho (London: Ernest Benn, 1957), p. 262.

Analyzing the conjunction wāw as an emphatic particle; for such usage of the conjunction wāw, see, for example, Bruce K. Waltke and M. O’Connor, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 649, 652, 653.

Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, 3rd ed. revised and expanded (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012), pp. 128 and 140.

See G.R.H. Wright, Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine, vol. 1, Text (Leiden: Brill, 1985), p. 72, and G.R.H. Wright, Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine, vol. 2, Illustrations (Leiden: Brill, 1985), p. 74, fig. 226.

William F. Albright, “Beit Mirsim, Tell,” in Ephraim Stern, ed., The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society and Carta, 1993), pp. 177–180 (see p. 179).

Jacob J. Baumgarten, “Urbanization in the Late Bronze Age,” in Aharon Kempinksi and Ronnie Reich, eds., The Architecture of Ancient Israel: from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1992), pp. 143–150 (see p. 145, n. 15).

Such is the case, for example, with the Late Bronze Age northern wall of Building 315 at Tell Batash where it was discovered at the edge of the mound, and where it clearly functioned as part of the outer defensive system of this town; see Amihai Mazar, Timnah (Tel Batash), I, Stratigraphy and Architecture: Text (Jerusalem: The Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997), p. 59.

Weippert, “Mauer und Mauertechnik,” p. 212.

Casemate walls became popular in Israel only from the tenth century B.C.E. onward; see H. Weippert, “Mauer und Mauertechnik,” in K. Galling, ed., Biblisches Reallexikon, 2nd ed. (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1977), p. 212.

Indeed, Jastrow specifies that it could signify wall, recess or chamber, as well as rim or border of mats. M. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, 2 vols. (New York: Pardes, 1950), p. 1368.