Biblical Archaeology Review

Josephus, Jewish War 7.208 (Loeb ed.).

Cf. Mishnah, Tamid 3.8.

Josephus, Antiquities 17.6, 5 (Loeb ed.).

Pliny, Natural History, 5.15, 16.

Josephus, Antiquities XVIII.119. Josephus’s account is reinforced by later Christian authorities. Origen, writing c. 250 states: “For Josephus in the eighteenth book of the Jewish Antiquities bears witness to John as the one who was ‘the Baptist’ and who promised purification for those who were baptized” (Contra Celsum 1, 47).

Under Jewish levirate law, a brother is required to marry his brother’s widow, but is forbidden to marry his brother’s divorced wife. See Leviticus 18:16; 20:21.

See M. Sokoloff, A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (Ramat Gan, 1990), p. 111. For a full discussion of this inscription, see Jacob Bitton, Nathan Dweck and Steven Fine, “Yet Another Jewish Tombstone from Late Antique Zoar/Zoora: The Funerary Marker of Hannah Daughter of Levi,” in M. Lundberg, S. Fine and D. Pardee, eds., Puzzling Out the Past: Studies in Near Eastern Epigraphy and Archaeology in Honor of Bruce Zuckerman (Boston: E.J. Brill, 2012), pp. 7–12.

Peter Spitaler, ed., Celebrating Paul: Festschrift in Honor of Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, O.P., and Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J., The Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 48 (Washington, DC: The Catholic Biblical Association of America, 2011), pp. 15–16.

Edward Henry Palmer, Desert of the Exodus Journeys on Foot in the Wilderness of the Forty Years’ Wanderings (London: Bell and Daldy, 1871), pp. 190–191.

Sparks, God’s Word in Human Words.