Biblical Archaeology Review

For this earlier explanation see M.-J. Pierre and J.-M. Rousée, “Sainte-Marie de la Probatique, état et orientation des recherches,” Proche-Orient Chrétien 31 (1981), pp. 23–42.

Today the Pool of Israel has been filled in and is a small public park dedicated to the Islamic philosopher Al-Ghazali. See U.C. von Wahlde, “The Nature and History of the Birkat Isra’il and Its Relation to the Pool ‘With the Expanse of the Sea’ (Sir 50:3): Rereading Charles Warren,” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 142, no. 3 (2010), pp. 159–181.

See footnote “i” to John 5:4, Revised Standard Version.

Eyal Regev, “Access Analysis of Khirbet Qumran: Reading Spatial Organization and Social Boundaries,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 355 (2009), pp. 85–99.

Ada Yardeni, “A Note on a Qumran Scribe,” in M. Lubetski, ed., New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform. Hebrew Bible Monographs 8 (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2007), pp. 287–298. See also Emanuel Tov, Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2004), p. 23, Table 2.

Almost every composition found in the other ten caves is also found in Cave 4. There are exceptions: Two of the pesharim from Cave 1 (Micah, Habakkuk) were not found in Cave 4; the Genesis Apocryphon is unique to Cave 1. But these are exceptions that prove the rule: Cave 4 provides a cross-section of the Qumran collection.

De Vaux, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, p. 100.

These works include the books of Enoch (Caves 1, 2 and 6), Jubilees (Caves 1, 2, 3 and 11), the Temple Scroll (Cave 11) and Aramaic Levi (Cave 1).

Caves 1 and 3 contained pesharim, a form of composition unique to the Qumran collection. Serekh ha-Yahad, the New Jerusalem and the Damascus Document were located in Cave 5. Copies of the Serekh were also found in Caves 1 and (possibly) 11. Fragments of the New Jerusalem were found in Caves 1, 2 and 11. The Damascus Document was found in Cave 6.

James F. Strange, “The 1996 Excavations at Qumran and the Context of the New Hebrew Ostracon,” in The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls, p. 51, and the bibliography cited there.