Biblical Archaeology Review

Nahman Avigad, Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Jeremiah (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1986), p. 13; see also Hershel Shanks, “Jeremiah’s Scribe and Confidant Speaks from a Hoard of Clay Bullae,” BAR 13:05.

The black-and-white pictures were taken by Zev Radovan of Jerusalem.

Robert Deutsch, Messages from the Past: Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Isaiah Through the Destruction of the First Temple—Shlomo Moussaieff Collection and an Up-To-Date Corpus (Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center Publications, 1997) (in Hebrew).

See James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 2nd ed. (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1955), p. 282.

C.C. Torrey, “A Hebrew Seal from the Reign of Ahaz,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 79 (1940), p. 27; also published in Nahman Avigad, and Benjamin Sass, Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1997), p. 51.

Demographic counts are based on estimates of population density, which vary from between 25 to 40 people per dunam (about 11,000 square yards or 900 square meters) for settled sites. For a recent demographic study of Iron Age Israel, see Magen Broshi and Israel Finkelstein, “The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 287 (August 1992), pp. 47–60.

Yohanan Aharoni, The Land of the Bible (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1979), p. 372.

This is contrary to a view propounded by the late Yohanan Aharoni. See Zvi Gal, “The Period of the Israelite Settlement in Lower Galilee and the Jezreel Valley,” Maarav 7 (1991), p. 104.

In some places in the Bible, as here, Tiglath-pileser is referred to as Pul, a nickname derived from the element apil in the Assyrian spelling of his name.

N. Hever 2.6.