Biblical Archaeology Review

Eugene M. Schwartz, You Are Not Far from the Kingdom of God: A Plea for the Re-establishment of Jewish-Christian Relations (New York: Second Creation Press, 1992).

See Gideon Foerster, “A Cuirassed Bronze Statue of Hadrian,” ‘Atiqot, English ser. 17 (1985), pp. 139–160.

On Hadrian’s vision for the Roman empire, see Jocelyn M.C. Toynbee, The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1934), still one of the best books on Hadrian. Another “best book,” of a very different kind, is Marguerite Yourcenar’s brilliant Memoirs of Hadrian, trans. Grace Frick (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1954), a fictional autobiography based on the ancient sources.

Kenneth Holum, “Hadrian and Caesarea: An Episode in the Romanization of Palestine,” The Ancient World 33 (1992), pp. 51–61. More generally, see William F. Stinespring, “Hadrian in Palestine, 129/30 A.D.,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 59 (1939), pp. 360–365; see also Benjamin Isaac, The Limits of Empire, rev. ed. (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992).

See Helmut Halfmann, Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im römischen Reich (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1986).

Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, 4.6.

Dio Cassius, Historia Romana, 69.12.1–2.

The research for this article was funded by the C.G. Foundation Jerusalem Project at Bar-Ilan University.

The Roman camp at Palmyra was founded by Diocletian in the late third century C.E. The camp was located in the populated western part of the city and surrounded by a defense wall. A large variety of material finds was revealed in excavations at the site; Kazimierz Michalowski, Fouilles Polonaises, vols. 1–4 (Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1960–1966).

The Roman camp at Dura-Europos was founded in the early third century C.E. and housed detachments of several legions. The excavations did not identify the camp’s assumed separate wall. Large quantities of inscriptions and other material remains were found, mainly in the praetorium; C. Hopkins and H.T. Rowell, “The Praetorium,” in M. Rostovzeff et al., The Excavations at Dura-Europos 5 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1934), pp. 201–234.