Biblical Archaeology Review

Pilgrim of Piacenza, “Itinerary,” in Baldi, Enchiridion Locorum Sanctorum, no. 25, p. 469.

Pilgrim of Bordeaux, “Itinerary,” in Donato Baldi, Enchiridion Locorum Sanctorum, 3rd ed. (Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1982), no. 16, p. 474; John Wilkinson, Egeria’s Travels (London: SPCK, 1971), p. 157.

There may have been an earlier gate a few hundred meters to the east, since there is a large accumulation of debris there, perhaps corresponding to Jeremiah’s Gate of Sherds, or the Gate of the Potter (Jeremiah 19:2), and the Dung Gate (Nehemiah 3:13).

Geva, “Excavations at the Citadel of Jerusalem, 1976–1980,” in Geva, Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, pp. 156–167; Nachman Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1983).

Pixner, Doron Chen and Shlomo Margalit, “Mount Zion: The Gate of the Essenes Reexcavated,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins 105 (1989), pp. 85–95 and plates 6–16, and “Mount Zion: Discovery of Iron Age Fortifications Below the Gate of the Essenes,” in Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, ed. Hillel Geva (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1994), pp. 76–81; Pixner, “The History of the Essene Gate Area,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins 105 (1989), pp. 96–104.

For a discussion of the main proposals, see the study of Rainer Riesner, “Josephus’ Gate of the Essenes in Modern Discussion,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins 105 (1989), pp. 105–109.

Shortly after Bliss’s excavation ended in 1897, just a century ago, the property of which the excavation was a part was purchased by the Anglican-Lutheran Church Union, thus enlarging the old cemetery where the first bishops of the Union—Michael Alexander (died 1845) and Samuel Gobat, for whom the school on Mount Zion was named (died 1878)—had been buried.

Bliss and Archibald C. Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem, 1894–1897 (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1898), pp. 16–20, 322–324.

Frederick J. Bliss, “Second Report on the Excavations at Jerusalem,” Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 26 (1894), pp. 252–255; “Third Report on the Excavations at Jerusalem,” Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 27 (1895), pp. 9–25 (esp. p. 9).

Josephus, Jewish War 5.145.