Biblical Archaeology Review

Pindar, Fragments, 140b; Aristophanes, Wasps 1279; Plato, Republic 2.373b.

See my commentary, The Gospel According to Luke, Anchor Bible 28, 28a (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981, 1985), pp. 904–906.

Papias, quoted in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 3.39.16.

Argyle, “Did Jesus Speak Greek?” ExpTim 67 (1955–1956), p. 93.

See J.A.L. Lee, “Some Features of the Speech of Jesus in Mark’s Gospel,” NovT 27 (1985), pp. 1–36. The abundance of parataxis in this early Gospel is often invoked as evidence of the influence of Aramaic.

See Sean Freyne, Galilee from Alexander the Great to Hadrian 323 B.C.E. to 135 C.E..: A Study of Second Temple Judaism (Notre Dame, IN: Univ. Of Notre Dame; Wilmington, DE: Glazier, 1980), pp. 101–154.

However, in Isaiah 9:1 the phrase (gelîl haggôyim) is used as a description of “the land west of the Jordan,” northern Galilee, inhabited by pagans even in the time of the eighth-century prophet. Whether that is a stringent argument for that area in first-century Palestine is not apparent. J.M. Ross, who maintains that Greek was widely used in lower Galilee, doubts that it was true of northern Galilee (Irish Biblical Studies 12 [1990], p. 42).

C.F.D. Moule, “Once More, Who Were the Hellenists?” Expository Times (ExpTim) 70 (1958–1959), pp. 100–102. Cf. J.N. Sevenster, Do You Know Greek? How Much Greek Could the First Jewish Christians Have Known? NovTSup 19 (Leiden: Brill, 1968), p. 37.

See Fitzmyer, Wandering Aramean, p. 36.