Biblical Archaeology Review

The woman and her dog had both been killed by blows from a chisel-type, shaft-hole battle-axe, a type commonly associated with the Hyksos. King Seqenenre of the native 17th Dynasty (c. 1575–1550 B.C.) received fatal blows from the same kind of weapon. See Holladay, Tell el-Maskhuta, pp. 44–47 and figs. 73–74. For the suggestion that this find may be connected with the enslavement of the Hebrews by the Hyksos, see Ian Wilson, Exodus: The True Story Behind the Biblical Account (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985), pp. 65–66.

For Goedicke’s finds at Tell er-Retabah, see Hershel Shanks, “The Exodus and the Crossing of the Red Sea, According to Hans Goedicke,” BAR 07:05; on Tell el-Maskhuta, see John S. Holladay, Tell el-Maskhuta: Preliminary Report on the Wadi Tumilat Project 1978–79 (Malibu, CA: Undena Publications, 1982), pp. 44–50.

For the location of Pi-Ramesse and the excavations at the site, see Manfred Bietak, “Archaeological Exploration in the Eastern Nile Delta,” Proceedings of the British Academy 45 (1979), pp. 225–289.

For a more detailed presentation of the following arguments, see John J. Bimson, Redating the Exodus and Conquest, 2nd ed. (Sheffield, U.K.: Almond Press, 1981), hereafter Redating. The present article also contains the results of more recent research which will be treated in detail in a third edition of Redating, now in preparation.

See David Ussishkin, “Lachish—Key to the Israelite Conquest of Canaan?” BAR 13:01; “Excavations at Tel Lachish 1978–83: Second Preliminary Report,” Tel Aviv 10 (1983), pp. 169–170.

William F. Albright, “Further Light on the History of Israel from Lachish and Megiddo,” Bulletin of American Schools of Oriental Research (BASOR) 68 (1937), p. 24.

“Where Is Biblical Debir?” BAR 01:01; Moshe Kochavi, “Khirbet Rabud + Debir,” Tel Aviv 1 (1974), pp. 2–33, and the comment by Edward F. Campbell, “Moses and the Foundations of Israel,” Interpretation 29/2 (1975), p. 152.

Aharoni and Ruth Amiran, “Arad,” in Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, ed. Michael Avi-Yonah, Vol. 1 (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 74–89.