Biblical Archaeology Review

Translated by H. G. Gueterbock, “The Deeds of Suppiluliuma,” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 10 (1956), p. 98.

See Claude Schaffer, Ugaritica III (Paris, 1958) pp. 33–35 and figure 48.

The Hittite bulla was published by I. Singer, “A Hittite Hieroglyphic from Aphek,” Tel Aviv 4, pp. 178–190.

For a much more detailed discussion in connection with the Syro-Hittite influences in northern Palestine, see Aharon Kempinski and Michael Avi-Yonah, Syria-Palestine II, Geneve, 1978, pp. 68–72. Concerning a jar-handle incised in Hittite style from Hazor, see H. Shanks, “An Incised Handle from Hazor Depicting a Syro-Hittite Deity,” Israel Exploration Journal 23, (1973), pp. 234–235.

And see P. L. O. Guy and R. Engherg, Megiddo Tombs, Tome No. 49; Plate 25 No. 6.

This refers to pre-Hittite population in Anatolia, which was not Indo-European. In the scholarly literature, the name “Hattians” or “proto-Hattians” is used to refer to this indigenous population. It is from this that the Hittites received their name.

The Dardanelles are a mountain range in western Turkey. They act as a boundary marker between Europe and Asia.

The Sumerian words which are used in other cuneiform languages (technically known as “Sumerograms”) are words which are written in their Sumerian form but are pronounced in Akkadian, Hittite, or Hurrian just as today we write Arabic numerals whose origin is in medieval Arabic mathematics, but are pronounced by each people in its own language.

Hrozny was not the first to suggest the language might be Indo-European; as early as 1906 Jorgen Alexander Knudtzon, the publisher of the Amarna tablets, proposed that the two Arzawa letters were written in an Indo-European language.

Excavation areas may be located by letters on the map of the City of David.