Biblical Archaeology Review

Compare Babylonian Talmud Pesahim 57a; Tosefta Menahot13.21; Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 301—305.

The half-shekel Temple tax (Matthew 17:24—27) was a Pharisaic innovation on Exodus 30:12—16 that was opposed by the Sadducees (beginning of Megillat Ta’anit) and the Essenes (4Q159 f1ii.7).

Louis H. Feldman, trans., Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Books XVIII—XIX, Loeb Classical Library 433 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1965), pp. 46—47.

Amihai Mazar, “The Aqueducts of Jerusalem,” in Yigael Yadin, ed., Jerusalem Revealed (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1975), pp. 79—80.

See Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 203; Emil Schürer, Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar and Matthew Black, eds., The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, vol. 1 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1973), pp. 394—397.

See Schwartz, “Josephus and Philo,” pp. 26—45.

Daniel R. Schwartz, “Josephus and Philo on Pontius Pilate,” in Lee I. Levine, ed., The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, vol. 3 (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1983), pp. 182—217; Steve Mason, Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary,vol. 1B, Judean War 2 (Leiden: Brill, 2008), p. 139.

Ya’akov Meshorer, A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar-Kochba (Nyack, NY: Amphora Books, 2001), pp. 167—173.