Biblical Archaeology Review

See A. Guillaume, “Is 44:5 in the Light of Elephantine Papyri,” Expository Times 32 (1920–1921), pp. 377–379. Guillaume cites a number of Biblical passages that may allude to the practice: Ezekiel 9:4; Revelation 7:3; 13:16; 20:4; and possibly Galatians 6:17.

For example, see Dennis Pardee, Ritual and Cult at Ugarit (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002), pp. 85–88.

John Huehnergard and Harold Liebowitz, “The Biblical Prohibition against Tattooing,” Vetus Testamentum 63 (2013), pp. 59–77. Their ideas are a further development of a discussion by Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 17–22 (New York: Doubleday, 2004), pp. 1,694–1,695.

Ariel Sabar, “The Unbelievable Tale of Jesus’s Wife,” The Atlantic, July/August 2016 (www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/07/the-unbelievable-tale-of-jesus-wife/485573).

James A. Harrell, Lorenzo Lazzarini and Mathias Bruno, “Reuse of Roman Ornamental Stones in Medieval Cairo, Egypt,” in Lorenzo Lazzarini, ed., ASMOSIA 6: Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, Venice, June 15–18, 2000 (Padova: Bottega d’Erasmo, 2002), pp. 89–96.

Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, XV.412, trans. by Ralph Marcus and Allen Wikgren, Loeb Classical Library 489 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1943).

Assaf Avraham, “Addressing the Issue of Temple Mount Pavements During the Herodian Period,” in Avraham Faust and Eyal Baruch, eds., New Studies on Jerusalem 13 (Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University, 2007), pp. 87–96 (Hebrew), English abstract, pp. 22*–23*.

Josephus, War, V.192–193.

Josephus, The Jewish War, V.178, trans. by H. St. John Thackeray, Loeb Classical Library 210 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1928).