Biblical Archaeology Review

Kitchen, “Egyptian Evidence,” pp. 26–27.

The most recent study suggests that the black stone may be granodiorite, rather than basalt, and may have once belonged to a statue. See Heather Dana Davis Parker and Ashley Fiutko Arico, “A Moabite-Inscribed Statue Fragment from Kerak: Egyptian Parallels,” BASOR 373 (May 2015), pp. 105–120.

Routledge, Moab in the Iron Age, p. 150.

This geographically “segmented” kingdom model represented by Moab has been identified by Bruce Routledge, Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). For the Egyptian texts of Ramses II mentioning Moab, see Kenneth A. Kitchen, “The Egyptian Evidence on Ancient Jordan,” in P. Bienkowski, ed., Early Edom and Moab: The Beginning of the Iron Age in Southern Jordan (Sheffield: Collis, 1992), pp. 27–28.

The name of Mesha’s father in line 1 is partially restored from the Kerak Inscription fragment, another roughly contemporary monumental inscription on basalt that preserves the last part of a name ]šyt as king of Moab.

Joel S. Burnett and Romel Gharib, “An Iron Age Basalt Statue from the Amman Theatre Area,” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58 (2014).

James B. Pritchard, The Ancient Near Eastern Texts (ANET), 3rd ed. (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2010), p. 282.

Joel S. Burnett, “Egyptianizing Elements in Ammorite Stone Statuary: The Atef Crown and Lotus,” in Oskar Kaelin, ed., 9 ICAANE: Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (June 9–13, 2014, University of Basil), vol. 1, Traveling Images (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016), pp. 57–71.