Archaeology Odyssey

Richard Neudecker, Die Pracht der Latrine: Zum Wandel öffentlicher Bedürfnisanstalten in der kaaiserzeitlichen Stadt (Munich: Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 1994).

Koloski-Ostrow, “Finding Social Meaning in the Public Latrines of Pompeii,” in BABESCH (Leiden: 1996), ed. Nathalie De Haan and Gemma C.M. Jansen; and “Cacator cave malum: The Subject and Object of Roman Public Latrines in Italy During the First Centuries B.C. and A.D,” in Cura Aquarum in Sicilia, ed. Jansen, BABESCH (Leiden: 2000).

Arnold and Mariette De Vos, Guide archeologiche Laterza: Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia (Roma-Bari: Gius, Laterza & Figli Spa, 1982), pp. 90–96.

Piras, Latrines; see also Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow, The Archaeology of Sanitation in Roman Italy: Water, Sewers, and Toilets (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming).

Findings such as those gleaned from 19th-century American outhouses have revolutionized ideas about early American household sanitary practice. See Kathleen Wheeler, “View From the Outhouse: What We Can Learn from the Excavation of Privies,” Historical Archaeology 34 (1) (2000), pp. 1–2.

M.Th.R.M. Dolmans discusses this possibility in “Hygiene in de Oudheid en in de Middeleeuwen” (“Hygiene in Antiquity and the Middle Ages”), in Latrines: antiete toiletten—modern onderzoek, ed. Susanna Piras (Amsterdam, 1994), pp. 6–12.

The best ancient source on Alexander the Great is the second-century C.E. Roman historian Arrian, who used the work of Ptolemy, one of Alexander’s generals, as a source.

See Thucydides’s Peloponnesian War, books 6 and 7, for his famous narrative of the Sicilian expedition.

See David Ussishkin, The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Univ. Institute of Archaeology, 1982), for a description of the remarkable archaeological evidence of the siege of Lachish.