Archaeology Odyssey

Inscriptiones Atticae, vol. 1 (2), 77.

Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.5-8.

See John R. Clarke, “Look Who’s Laughing: Humor in Tavern Painting as Index of Class and Acculturation,” in Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 43/44 (1998/1999), pp. 36–47.

Martial, Epigrams 12.48.7.

Seneca, Epistles 70.20: “Ibi lignum id, quod ad emundanda obscena adhaerente spongia positum est, totum in gulam farsit et interclusis faucibus spiritum elisit.”

See Lucinda Lambert, Temples of Convenience and Chambers of Delight (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), p. 7.

Petronius, Satyricon 27.47.6. There is also a reference to the lasanum in Horace’s Satires 1.6.109.

Varro, De re rustica 1.13.4 and 1.6.24, and Columella, De Re Rustica 9.5.1, provide directions about how to construct privies for agricultural uses. Also see Arnold and Mariette De Vos, Guide archeologiche Laterza, p. 242, for the Villa rustica alla Pisanella at Boscoreale, the most complete excavation of a working farm on the Bay of Naples in the outskirts of Pompeii.

See Arnold and Mariette De Vos, Guide archeologiche Laterza, pp. 250–3, for information on the Villa of Oplontis, modern Torre Annunciata. The ample latrine is no. 48 on their plan (p. 251).

Jansen, “Toilets of Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli (Italy) and Roman Privacy,” in American Journal of Archaeology 106 (April, 2002), p. 257. Jansen and her team studied more than 40 toilets at Hadrian’s Villa with two questions in mind: Who used what toilets, and how much privacy did the toilets offer?