Archaeology Odyssey

J. Scarborough, “The Opium Poppy in Hellenistic and Roman Medicine,” in Porter and Teich, eds., Drugs and Narcotics in History (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ., 1995).

Merrillees, “Opium Again in Antiquity,” Levant 11 (1979), pp. 167–171.

See P.G. Kritikos and S.N. Papadaki, “The history of the poppy and opium and their expansion in antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area,” Bulletin on Narcotics 19:3, fig. 10; A. J. B. Wace, “Chamber Tombs at Mycenae,” Archaeolo-gia 82 (1932), pl. 38, 75; and K. Demakopoulou, O Thesauros ton Aidhonion (Athens, 1996 ), no. 34.

Guido Majno notes the role opium could have had in healing but emphasizes that “next to nothing is known about the effectiveness of ancient drugs” (G. Majno, The Healing Hand. Man and Wound in the Ancient World [Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975], p. 108.

See K. Koschel, “Opium Alkaloids in a Cypriote Base Ring I Vessel (Bilbil) of the Middle Bronze Age from Egypt,” Ägypten und Levante 6 (1996), pp. 159–166; and N.G. Bisset et al., “The Presence of Opium in a 3,500 Year Old Cypriote Base-ring Juglet,” Ägypten und Levante 6 (1996).

Merrillees, “Highs and Lows in the Holy Land,” Eretz-Israel 20 (1989), pp. 148–154.

Merlin, On the Trail, p. 278.

See R. S. Merrillees, “Opium Trade in the Bronze Age Levant,” Antiquity 36 (1962); and The Cypriote Bronze Age Pottery Found in Egypt (Lund, Sweden: Paul Astroms Forlag, 1968).

V. Karageorghis, “A twelfth-century B.C. opium pipe from Kition,” Antiquity 10 (1976).

Zervos, L’art de la Créte, figs. 771–773.