Biblical Archaeology Review

Benjamin Mazar, “Beth-She’arim, Gaba and Harosheth of the Gentiles,” Hebrew Union College Annual 24 (1952–1953), pp. 75–84.

Albright, “Some Archaeological and Topographical Results of the Trip Through Palestine,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 11 (1923), pp. 8–9.

William F. Albright, “Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine,” Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 2–3 (1922–23), pp. 1–46; see also Albrecht Alt, “Syrien und Palaestina im Onomastikon des Amenope,” Schweizerische Theologische Umschau 20 (1950), pp. 58–71.

Shardana appear in Egyptian and Ugaritic sources and probably in the Bible as well. See A. Loretz, “Les Sardanu et la fin d’Ugarit, a propos des documents d’Egypte, de Byblos et d’Ugarit relatif au Shardana,” in Le pays d’Ugarit autour 1200 av. J.-c., colloque international, Paris, 28 Juin-1 er Jouillet, 1993 (Ras Shamra XI), ed. M. Yon, M. Scznycer and P. Bordreuil (Paris, 1995), 126–135. In the same volume, see A. Kahl, “Les temaignage textuelle Egyptiennes sur les Shardana” (addendum to the Loretz article).

The only other example is a tower that has been found at Giloh—and that seems to support our case. See Amihai Mazar, “Iron Age I and II Towers at Giloh and the Israelite Settlement,” Israel Exploration Journal 40: 2–3 (1990), pp. 77–101.

Affirmed by Stern in Dor, p. 147 (“The Babylonians adopted and perpetuated the organizational structure of the Assyrian empire”) and denied in Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Periods, pp. 307–308 (“The Babylonians created a new administrative organization, different from that of their predecessors”).

Stern, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Periods, p. 308. Among the Biblical scholars, archaeologists, historians and epigraphers assembled at a recent (May 29–31, 2001) conference on the Neo-Babylonian period at Tel Aviv University, there was broad though not unanimous agreement on continuity of material culture during the last phase of Iron Age II.

Stern, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Periods, p. 323.

Yohanan Aharoni, BASOR 224 (1976), pp. 73–90; David Ussishkin, BASOR 223 (1976), pp. 6–11; Rafi Greenberg, OEANE 1, p. 296.