Biblical Archaeology Review
Biblical Archaeology Review is the flagship publication of the Biblical Archaeology Society. For more than 40 years it has been making the world of archaeology in the lands of the Bible come alive for the interested layperson. Full of vivid images and articles written by leading scholars, this is a must read for anyone interested in the archaeology of the ancient Near East.
Endnote 11 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
Schulten, Masada, pp. 17–18. Most scholars concur with these dates, but some push the events forward to 73–74 A.D. See Hannah M. Cotton, “The Date of the Fall of Masada—The Evidence of the Masada Papyri,” Zeitschrift für papyrologie und epigraphik 78 (1989), pp. 157–162; see also Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship, p. 789.
Endnote 10 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
Endnote 9 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
Endnote 8 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
Nili Liphschitz, Simcha Lev-Yadun and Yoav Waisel, “Dendroarchaeological Investigations in Israel (Masada),” Israel Exploration Journal 31 (1981), pp. 230–234. The authors analyzed 186 branches from the ramp and report that 92 percent are of Tamarix jordanis trees and the remaining 8 percent are of a few other species that still grow in the area.
Endnote 7 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
Endnote 6 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
Endnote 5 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
The Bina Formation is a geological rock unit name that is used in central and northern Israel. In the Judean Desert the Bina Formation is subdivided into the Derorim, Shivta and Nezer formations. I chose to combine these units and employ the name Bina in order to simplify the drawings and the discussion.
Endnote 4 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
Endnote 3 - It’s a Natural: Masada Ramp Was Not a Roman Engineering Miracle
Sources that advocate that the besieging forces numbered 16,000 to 25,000 men (6,000 to 10,000 legionnaires and 10,000 to 15,000 slave workers) include Moshe Pearlman, The Zealots of Masada (Herzlia: Palphot; repr. London: Hamilton, 1969; New York: Scribner, 1967), p. 13; and Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937–1980) (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1984), p. 776.
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