Biblical Archaeology Review

Deutsch and Heltzer, New Epigraphic Evidence, p. 61 (no. 64 [9]) and p. 63 [11].

See Robert Deutsch and Michael Heltzer, New Epigraphic Evidence from the Biblical Period (Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center Publication, 1995), p. 59,(no. 63 [8]).

Avigad, Corpus, no. 3.

Avigad, Corpus, no. 37.

Miller, Ancient Israelite Religion, pp. 200 and 202–203.

Some have suggested that the seal is a forgery. As Avigad noted, the problem is that Manasseh ascended the throne when he was just 12 years old. Would he have had a seal before then? He may have had property of his own despite his young age or the seal could have been used by the custodian of his property. See Avigad, “The Contribution of Hebrew Seals to the Understanding of Israelite Religion and Society,” in Patrick D. Miller et al., eds., Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987).

Did the vision of the cherubim’s wings that spread upward in the Tabernacle (Exodus 25:25, 2 Kings 6:27) play a role in the design of the wings? Note the view of the rabbis in the Babylonian Talmud, Sukkah 5b. For illustrations of cherub wings from the ninth century B.C.E. see Elie Borowski, “Cherubim: God’s Throne?” BAR 21:04.

See Wiedemann, Religion, p. 31.

See Max E.L. Mallowan, Nimrud and Its Remains, vol. 2 (London: Collins, 1966), p. 599, fig. 583. For additional scarab objects belonging to the Egyptian Saite period see pp. 437–41, 472, and p. 645 n. 96.

Gardiner, “Horus,” pp. 23–60, plate VI, nos. 2, 3, 4.