Biblical Archaeology Review

J. van der Ploeg, “Une halakha inédite de Qumrân,” in Qumrân: Sa piété, sa théologie et son milieu, ed. M. Delcor (Leuven: Leuven University, 1978), p. 107.

Eugene Ulrich, “4QSamc: A Fragmentary Manuscript of 2 Samuel 14–15 from the Scribe of the Serek Hayyahad (1QS),” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (BASOR) 235 (1979), pp. 1–25.

Some of the authors’ other arguments involve them in difficulties. For instance, they ridicule the idea that the barren Qumran site could have provided the palm trees that Pliny says were the Essenes’ only company (p. 28), but later they suggest that in ancient times Qumran was located near a wharf (p. 73).

Jean-Paul Audet, “Qumran et la notice de Pline sur les Esséniens,” Revue Biblique 68 (1961), pp. 346–387; Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz, “Infra hos Engadda: Notes à propos d’un article recent,” Revue Biblique 69 (1962), pp. 369–380. Christopher Burchard responded to Audet in “Pline et les Esséniens: à propos d’un article recent,” Revue Biblique 69 (1962), pp. 533–569.

Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), s.v. infra: “to or at a lower level than, below; downstream from; … south of” (p. 903), with a citation from Cicero for the latter.

See Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem, figs. 75, 230.

Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem, pp. 77–79, 87–88.

For references, see Magness, “The Community at Qumran,” p. 42.

For references and a discussion of other types unique to Qumran, see Magness, “The Community at Qumran,” p. 41.