Biblical Archaeology Review

See William F. Lynch, Narrative of the United States’ Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1849; New York: Arno Press, 2nd ed., 1977). Lynch does not give this height. One has to correlate his description with the statement of Claude-Regnier Conder and H. H. Kitchener in The Survey of Western Palestine, (London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1883), vol. 3, p. 384.

Josephus, The Jewish War 4.396.

“They are not in one town only, but in every town several of them form a colony … ” Josephus, The Jewish War 2.124, trans. H. St.-J. Thackeray, Loeb Classical Library (London: Heinemann/Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1976).

Pliny, Natural History 5.21.89–90 and 6.5.15.

See his descriptions in Natural History, immediately before his description of the Essenes, at 5.20.83–85.

Père Roland de Vaux, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1973), pp. 133–135.

Pliny the Elder, Natural History 5.15.73 (vol. 2, p. 73), trans. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1952).

I thank Professor Khairy, who very kindly provided photos, permission to publish and additional information on its provenance.

Nabil I. Khairy, “Inkwells of the Roman Period from Jordan,” Levant 12 (1980), pp. 155–162, and plate XXV. Six drawings of the inkwell parallel to the Schøyen inkwell appear in fig. 5a (page 160) and a photograph (taken from a different angle from that printed here) on plate XXV-D.

The Schøyen Collection: Checklist of Western Manuscripts 1–1721, 10th ed., 1993. The inkwell is designated as the Schøyen Collection MS 1653/2 (Oslo/London).