Biblical Archaeology Review

We would like to thank again Professor John Strugnell for allowing us to publish 4Q448. Strugnell entrusted us to publish the text although he was aware of its importance, an act not common in the academic world.

Esther Eshel, Hanan Eshel and Ada Yardeni, “A Qumran Composition Containing Part of Ps. 154 and a Prayer for the Welfare of King Jonathan and His Kingdom,” Israel Exploration Journal (IEJ) 42 (1992), pp. 199–229.

Cyrus H. Gordon, “The Bat Creek Inscription,” The Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, ed. C. H. Gordon (Ventnor, NJ: Ventnor Pub., 1972), pp. 11–12.

McCulloch, “The Bat Creek Inscription—Cherokee or Hebrew?” Tennessee Anthropologist 13 (1988), p. 92. My citation was Solomon A. Birnbaum, The Hebrew Scripts, Part One: Text, Paleographia (London 1971), chart 54.

J. Huston McCulloch, “The Bat Creek Inscription: A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas,” Tennessee Anthropologist, Spring 1993. pp. 1–23.

Stephen Williams, Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsvlvania Press, 1991), p. 74.

Cyrus Thomas, ‘Mound Explorations,’ in Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1890–1891 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894).

Suetonius, Julius Caesar 54.2, in Lives of the Caesars; M. A. Frederickson, “Caesar, Cicero and the Problem of Debt,” Journal of Roman Studies 56 (1966), p. 132. In practice the value of gold some times fell to 1:10 and in the late empire rose to 1:18, but for our purposes a single figure is good enough.

Vermes, Dead Sea Scrolls in English, p. 308.

Maurice Baillet, J. T. Milik and Roland de Vaux, eds., Les “Petites Grottes” de Qumrân, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 3 (Oxford: Clarendon 1962), p. 282.