Biblical Archaeology Review

Paul W. Lapp, “The 1968 Excavations at Tell Ta’anek: The New Cultic Stand,” BASOR 195 (1969), pp. 42–44, at p. 44. Some scholars have suggested in discussions that it should be identified as a horse, but an important element—the mane—is missing.

I. R. Engle, “Pillar Figurines of Iron Age Israel and Asherah-Asherim,” Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. Of Pittsburgh, 1979.

Albright, “Some Observations on the New Material for the History of the Alphabet,” BASOR 134 (1954), p. 26; Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, pp. 33–34, 43–46.

R. Stadelmann, Syrisch-Palastinensische Gottheiten in Ägypten (Leiden: Brill, 1967), p. 113.

I. E. S. Edwards, “A Relief of Qudshu-Astarte-Anath in the Winchester Collection,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 14 (1955), pp. 49–51.

W. Helck, “Zum Auftreten fremder Götter in Ägypten,” Oriens Antiquus 5 (1966), pp. 1–14.

Ruth Amiran, Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land (Jerusalem: Massada Press, 1969), pp. 161–165, figs. 164–166, pl. 50.

Henri Frankfort, Cylinder Seals (London: Macmillan, 1939), pp. 204–207; Frankfort, Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1953), p. 68. In Syria too, a bedecked “maypole” was an object of worship; in one Syrian cylinder seal the head of the deity dwelling in the object emerges at its top; cf. Edith Porada, Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North-American Collections: The Collection of the Pierpont Morgan Library, vol. 1, Plates (New York: Pantheon, 1948), no. 956.

E. D. Van Buren, Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art (Rome: Pontifical Inst., 1945), p. 22. The significance and function of the sacred tree has given rise to more discussions than almost any other symbolic element; cf. the comprehensive study by H. Danthine, Le palmier-dattier et les arbres sacrés dans l’iconographie de l’Asie occidentale ancienne (Paris: Geuthner, 1937), pp. 210–213.