Biblical Archaeology Review

E.D. Hunt, Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire AD 312–460 (Oxford Clarendon, 1984), p. 93 and n. 54, citing Origen, Contra Celsum 4.44 and Eusebius, Onomasticon, 168.

Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 17.11.5 (321).

Josephus, The Jewish War 1.21.42.

On the authority of Julius Africanus (c. 170–243 A.D., cited in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History Bk. I 6.2, 7.11). See Eusebius, The History of the Church, transl. G.A. Williamson (New York: Dorset, 1965), pp. 51, 55.

Applebaum, “Economic Life in Palestine,” p. 688, n. 10.

David Flusser, “Paganism in Palestine,” in Safrai and Stern, The Jewish People in the First Century vol. 2, p. 1099.

“Letter of Aristeas,” line 115, in John R. Bartlett, Jews in the Hellenistic World, Cambridge Commentaries on Writings of the Jewish & Christian World 200 BC to AD 200 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985), vol. I, part 1, p. 27.

Shimon Applebaum, “Economic Life in Palestine,” in The Jewish People in the First Century, ed. S. Safrai and M. Stern (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1976), vol. 2, p. 688 and n. 10, with reference to inscriptions nos. 1717–1724 and 2283 from Delos (in Launey and Roussel, Inscriptions de Delos [1937]).

Ya’akov Meshorer, City Coins of Eretz-Israel and the Decapolis in the Roman Period (Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1985), p. 26.

Twenty years ago, Avigad published a seal of unknown origin, bearing the same two names being discussed. It read “Azariyahu/Hilkiyahu.” His commentary said simply that both these names were common and there was nothing to add. There is no connection between this seal and the City of David bulla except the names. The seal Avigad published lacks the usual “Belonging to” or “son of” See “Six Ancient Hebrew Seals,” in Sefer Shmuel Yeivin (Jerusalem: Qiryat Sefer, 1970), p. 307 and plate 4:1/A (in Hebrew).