Biblical Archaeology Review

Gottlieb Schumacher, The Jaulan (London: 1888), pp. 145–146.

See Claire Epstein, “Hippos,” in Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, vol. 2, ed. Michael Avi-Yonah (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society and Masada Press, 1976), pp. 521–523.

That the Hebrew is a garbled version of Merenptah was already suggested by Franz Prh. von Calice, “König Menephthes im Buche Josua?” Orientalistische Litteratur-Zeitung (May 1903), p. 224.

Caminos, Late Egyptian Miscellanies, p. 108, and Wilson, “Journal of a Frontier Official,” ANET p. 258 and n. 6.

Yohanan Aharoni, The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (Philadelphia, Westminster, 2nd ed., 1979) pp. 183–184, 195 and 218–220. Contra Aharoni, the Israelites did not conquer Lachish at the end of the XIXth Dynasty, see note 24 above.

Stager, “Merenptah, Israel and Sea Peoples,” pp. 60–62; Stager, “The Archaeology of the Family in Ancient Israel,” Bulletin of American Schools of Oriental Research 260 (1985), pp. 1–24.

Kitchen, Pharaoh Triumphant, pp. 67–68.

Papyrus Anastasi III, verso 6, 4 to 6, 6. Caminos, Late Epyptian Miscellanies, p. 108; and Wilson, “Journal of a Frontier Official,” ANET, p. 258 and n. 6.

Kitchen, KRI, vol. 4, p. 341 no. I, and p. 351, no. 17 (faience vessel naming Tawosret, misident;fied as Ramesses II), in H.J. Franken “The Excavations at Deir ‘Alla in Jordan,” Vetus Testamentum (VT) 11 (1961), p. 385, and pls. 4–5. Correctly read as Tawosret by Jean Yoyotte, “Un Souvenir du ‘Pharaon’ Taousert en Jordanie,” VT 12 (1962), pp. 464–469.

Scarab: Kitchen KRI, vol. 4, p. 341 no. 1 Alan Rowe, Catalogue of Scarabs, Scaraboids, and Amulets in the Palestine Archaeological Museum (Cairo: Institut francais d’archeologie orientale, 1936), p. 164, no. 690, and pl. 18.