Biblical Archaeology Review

Under Merenptah, the Sea Peoples attacked from the west, and did not settle in Canaan. See Kitchen, Pharaoh Triumphant, p. 215; see also Itamar Singer, “The Beginning of Philistine Settlement in Canaan and the Northern Boundary of Philistia,” Tel Aviv 12 (1985) pp. 111–114.

Yurco, “Once Again, Merenptah’s Battle Reliefs at Karnak,” IEJ, forthcoming.

Yurco, “Merenptah’s Canaanite Campaign,” p. 213 and n. 55.

6 Kitchen, KRI, vol. 4, pp. 2–12; and Kitchen and Gaballa, “Ramesside Varia II,” Zeitschrift für Agyptische Sprache 96 (1969), pp. 23, 25, 27, and table 8, also, Kitchen, KRI, vol. 4, pp. 23–24.

In Merenptah’s reign, Gaza, capital of Canaan, was called Gdt (Gaza) and not Pa-Canaan, as in some other reigns. See Gardiner, Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, 2 vols. (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 1977), vol. I, p. 191, no. 624; and Caminos, Late Egyptian Miscellanies, pp. 108–110 (Papyrus Anastasi III, verso 6, 1 and 6, 6).

Papyrus Anastasi VI. See Ricardo A. Caminos, Late Egyptian Miscellanies (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1954), p. 293; Wilson, “The Report of a Frontier Official,” ANET, p. 259.

Wilson, “An Egyptian Letter,” ANET, pp. 475–479; from the place names within the text, it dates to the reign of Ramesses II. The Shasu are described on pp. 477–478.

G.A. Gaballa, Narrative in Egyptian Art (Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1976), pp. 100–104; applicable to battle reliefs and prisoner collecting scenes. But for Prince Kha-em-Wast II in scene 2, Kitchen would already have identified these battle reliefs with the texts on the Cairo stela no. 34025 and its fragmentary duplicate from Karnak, as he clearly had noted the usurped cartouches while collecting the texts of the scenes for his monumental KRI publications (“Some New Light on the Asiatic Wars,” p. 48, n. 1, and p. 68, n. 9).

See Alexander Badawy, A History of Egyptian Architecture: The Empire (the New Kingdom) (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1968), pp. 448–474 for a discussion of fortress types found in Egyptian reliefs and their patterning on actual buildings.