Biblical Archaeology Review

In addition, the remains of a fort (stratum V) were uncovered; we assume that this fort had a similar ground plan to that of the square fortresses I now date here to the Persian period. Cohen, Archaeological Survey of Israel Map of Sede Boqer East (168) (Jerusalem, 1981), site 65.

And also in my technical report: Rudolph Cohen, “The Iron Age Fortress in the Central Negev,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 236, Fall 1979, p. 61.

The Horvat Ritma fortress obviously conformed to Type B in Yohanan Aharoni’s classification of fortresses from the Iron Age in Aharoni, “Forerunners of the Limes: Iron Age Fortresses in the Negev,” Israel Exploration Journal 17 (1967), pp. 1–17, esp. p. 6.

Ze’ev Meshel, “Horvat Ritma—An Iron Age Fortress in the Negev Highlands,” Tel Aviv 4 (1977), pp. 110–135.

The manikin is submersible, so body heat was added by simply heating water and filling the body. The manikin was provided through the courtesy of Simulaides, Inc., Woodstock, NY.

Robert A. Wild, “The Shroud of Turin: Probably the Work of a 14th-Century Artist or Forger,” BAR 10:02. Raymond E. Brown, “Observations on the Shroud of Turin,” Biblical Theology Bulletin, 14/4 (Oct. 1984), p. 147.

A conversation with Dr. John Jackson on September 2, 1985 confirmed that there is indeed an inequality in the frontal and dorsal images. With a sophisticated instrument called a VP-8 Image Analyzer, scientists have been able to produce a three-dimensional image from photos of the front of the shroud. However, they cannot produce a three-dimensional image of the dorsal side that equals that of the front.

See Dr. Zugibe’s study cited in endnote 15, pp. 89–90, and his letter to the editor in Queries & Comments, BAR 11:03.

S. Shibolet, R. Coll, T. Gilat and E. Sohar, “Heatstroke: Its Clinical Picture and Mechanism in 36 Cases,” Quarterly Journal of Medicine, New Series XXX, 144 (Oct. 1967), pp. 525–547.