Archaeology Odyssey

Pierre Amiet, Elam (Auvers-sur-Oise: Archée Editeurs, 1966), p. 44, fig. 16.

Quoted in Waterfield, Layard of Nineveh, pp. 135–136.

According to Shawn Malley, the British “desired to forge deep-rooted cultural associations with the impressive Assyrian world Layard had unearthed.” Layard’s accomplishments were “extolled in the periodical press as a mission to locate Assyria in a cultural continuum crowned by Great Britain” (“Austen Henry Layard and the Periodical Press: Middle Eastern Archaeology and the Excavation of Cultural Identity in Mid-Nineteenth Century Britain,” Victorian Review 22.2 [1996], p. 158).

Quoted in Waterfield, Layard of Nineveh, p. 182.

Quoted in Gordon Waterfield, Layard of Nineveh (London: John Murray, 1963), p., 171.

When Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) appeared, this apparent conflict between science and religion became a crisis. However, earlier writers, including Darwin’s grandfather Erasmus Darwin, had broached some of the evolutionary ideas that Charles Darwin consolidated evidence for and applied to living species in terms of the theory of natural selection. One of Charles Darwin’s younger contemporaries, Alfred Russel Wallace, also independently formulated the theory of natural selection shortly before Darwin published Origin.

Layard’s sketches were put into final form for Nineveh and Its Remains by George Scharf, Jr. As Frederick N. Bohrer has pointed out, Scharf worked for Layard’s publisher and was “the primary artist for many of the book’s illustrations” (Orientalism and Visual Culture: Imagining Mesopotamia in Nineteenth-Century Europe [Cambridge University Press, 2003], p. 146).

Orly Goldwasser, “The Narmer Palette and the ‘Triumph of Metaphor’,” Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 2 (1992), p. 79.

O’Connor, “Context, Function and Program: Understanding Ceremonial Slate Palettes,” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 39 (2002, published in 2004), pp. 5–25.

Dreyer, “Egypt’s earliest historical event,” Egyptian Archaeology. The Bulletin of the Egypt Exploration Society 16 (2000), pp. 6–7. See also Köhler, “History or Ideology?” p. 508.