Bible Review

Book of the Dead XXXB. All quotations are the author’s translations unless otherwise noted.

The ka sign represents the spirit or essence of a person. See, John D. Currid, “An Examination of the Egyptian Background of the Genesis Cosmogony,” Biblische Zeitschrift (1991), p. 24, n. 31.

The ancient mortuary god Anubis.

Probably a reference to the ennead, the tribunal of gods awaiting to pass judgment on Ani.

The author of the text includes a mummy determinative here—Ani is probably telling his heart not to desert him even though he is dead and mummified.

For colored reproductions of the Papyrus of Ani, see E. A. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Dead: Papyrus of Ani, Vol. III (New York: Putnam, 1913), and R. O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead (New York: Macmillan, 1972).

E. A Wallis Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary (London: John Murray, 1920).

For an in-depth study of these terms, see Gregory K. Beale, “An Exegetical and Theological Consideration of the Hardening of Pharaoh’s Heart in Exodus 4–14 and Romans 9, ” Trinity Journal 5 (1984), pp.129–154. I encourage readers to consult Beale’s work because it is a critical study and it supplied much of the impetus for the present article.

Alan Gardiner, “The Autobiography of Rekhmire,” Zeitschrift für agyptische Sprache und Alterumskunde 60 (1934), p. 69.

For discussion of texts discovered in the temples of two sites, see Henri Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 40–47.