Biblical Archaeology Review

See Avraham Ya‘ari, Igrot Eretz Yisrael (Tel Aviv, 1950), p. 134.

al-Wasiti, Fada’il al-Bayt al-Muqaddas, ed. Izhak Hasson (Jerusalem, 1979), pp. 72ff.

Moshe Sharon, “The ‘Praises of Jerusalem’ as a Source for the Early History of Islam,” Bibliotheca Orientalis 49:1/2 (1992), pp. 55–68.

Pilgrim of Bordeaux, Guide to the Holy Land, quoted in M. Avi-Yonah, In the Days of Rome and Byzantium (Jerusalem, 1970), p. 142.

Grabar and Said Nuseibeh, The Dome of the Rock (New York: Rizzoli, 1996).

Grabar, “The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem,” Ars Orientalis 3 (1959).

Oleg Grabar, The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).

Ahmad Ibn Yahya Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan (Leiden, 1866), trans. P.K. Hitti as The Origins of the Islamic State (New York, 1916).

For an overview of the problem of defining chiefdoms and states in the anthropological and historical record, see G.M. Feinman and J. Marcus, eds., Archaic States (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1998).

These scarabs indicate that other carbon samples dating to the tenth–ninth centuries B.C.E. came from later contexts and that the stratum should indeed be dated to the Iron I period. We will resolve this problem, however, only through additional controlled excavations in other building complexes with larger exposures of each stratum.