Biblical Archaeology Review

On the Origin of Species appeared in 1859.

Amongst Voltaire’s numerous observations on Israel and the Bible, see his evaluations in chapter 4 of An Important Study by Lord Bolingbroke, or The Fall of Fanaticism: “I conjecture that Ezra forged all these Tales of a Tub on his return from captivity. He wrote them in cuneiform, in the jargon of the country just as today’s northern Ireland peasants would write in English characters.”

See, conveniently, I. Bernard Cohen, The Birth of a New Physics, rev. ed. (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1985). Newton’s Principia was published in 1687.

The Merneptah Stele thus dates to the very end of the Late Bronze Age (1600–1200 B.C.E.) or the start of the Iron Age (1200–586 B.C.E.).

Harvard Semitic Museum News, February 2003.

J. Cantineau, Grammaire du palmyrénien épigraphique, Le Caire, 1935, pp. 31–35.

See Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia, orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 127 (Leuven: Peeters, 2004), p. 524.

Jewish War 2.479 (Loeb ed.).

See Joseph Naveh, “Varia Epigraphica Judaica 1: Two Unpublished Ossuary Inscriptions” Israel Oriental Studies 9 (1979), pp. 17–23, esp. pp. 21–23; Emile Puech, “Ossuaries inscrits d’une tombe du Mont des Oliviers,” Liber Annuus 32 (1982), pp. 355–372, esp. p. 358.

L.Y. Rahmani, A Catalog of Jewish Ossuaries in the Collections of the State of Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority, 1994), pp. 11–12, n. 6.