Biblical Archaeology Review

Participating in this project were Ze’ev Meshel, Tsvika Tsuk, Z. Felbush and Y. Peleg.

These excavations were conducted by Claire Epstein, Emmanuel Anati, Michael Avi-Yonah and Aaron Shulman.

Adela Yarbro Collins, The Combat Myth in the Book of Revelation (Harvard Dissertations in Religion 9; Missoula, MT: Scholars Press for the Harvard Theological Review, 1976; reprinted Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2001), pp. 176–190.

The dragon is said to be “fiery red.” This description may derive from the Old Testament, from Ugaritic or Akkadian texts but is most similar to the description of Seth in Egyptian tradition and of Seth-Typhon in Plutarch (On Isis and Osiris 22, 30–31).

Irenaeus, Refutation of Gnosis Falsely So Called (= Adversus Haereses) 5.30.3.

Steven Friesen, Twice Neokoros: Ephesus, Asia and the Cult of the Flavian Imperial Family (Archaeological Resources for New Testament Studies; Leiden: Brill, 1993), p. 119.

Pausanias 5.13.7; for discussion, see Christopher P. Jones, “A Geographical Setting for the Baucis and Philemon Legend (Ovid Metamorphoses 8.611–724),” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 96 (1994), pp. 203–223, plus Plates I–IV, esp. pp. 208, 211. Plate II is a drawing of the structure.

See Geo Widengren, “Psalm 110 und das sakrale Königtum in Israel,” in Peter A.H. Neumann, ed., Zur neueren Psalmenforschung (Wege der Forschung 192; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1976), pp. 185–216, esp. 191.

Martin J. Mulder, “God of Fortresses,” in Karel van der Toorn et al., eds., Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1995), p. 700.

John Day, “Baal (deity),” Anchor Bible Dictionary Vol. I (1992), pp. 545–549, esp. p. 545.