Biblical Archaeology Review

Yohanan Aharoni, “Mesad Gozal,” Israel Exploration Journal 14 (1964), pp. 112–113.

Frumkin, “Holocene History of the Dead Sea Levels,” pp. 237–248.

Cippora Klein, “Morphological Evidence of Lake Level Changes, Western Shore of the Dead Sea,” in Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 31 (1982), pp. 67–94. Galit Kadan, “Evidence of Dead-Sea Level Fluctuations and Neotectonic Events in the Holocene Fan-Delta of Nahal Darga” (Master’s thesis, Ben Gurian University, 1997).

Amos Frumkin, “The Holocene History of the Dead Sea Levels,” in The Dead Sea—the Lake and its Setting, ed. Tina M. Niemi, Zvi Ben-Avraham and Yoel Gat (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997), pp. 237–248, esp. 243.

The dating of the salt layer is based on correlation to a nearby-dated core. See David Neev, The Dead Sea, Report Q/2/64 (Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel, 1964). See also David Neev and Kenneth O. Emery, The Destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, and Jericho (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995). We use the basic sedimentary evidence of Neev and Emery and the chronology suggested originally by Neev (1964) for the sediments.

Frumkin, Carmi, Zak and Magaritz, “Middle Holocene Environmental Change Determined from the Salt Caves of Mount Sedom, Israel,” in Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, ed. Ofer Bar-Yosef and Renee Kra (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona, 1994), pp. 315–322.

Throughout this article we use calendar dates; the radiocarbon dates were calibrated according to normal procedure. For details, see Amos Frumkin, Mordechai Magaritz, Israel Carmi and Israel Zak, “The Holocene Climatic Record of the Salt Caves of Mount Sedom, Israel,” The Holocene 1, no. 3 (1991), pp. 191–200.

Amos Frumkin, “Morphology and Development of Salt Caves,” Journal of Caves and Karst Studies of the National Speleological Society) 56 (1994), pp. 82–95.