Biblical Archaeology Review

See Pierre Bordreuil, Catalogue des sceaux ouest-sémitiques inscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale, du Musée du Louvre et du Musée biblique de Bible et Terre Sainte, (Paris, 1986), no. 40–41.

Gösta W. Ahlström has proposed the tenth-century B.C.E. king Jeroboam I of Israel (“The Seal of Shema,” Scandinavian Journal on the Old Testament 7 [1993], pp. 208–215), but this early dating does not fit the paleography or iconography.

See Ruth Hestrin and Michal Dayagi-Mendels, Inscribed Seals (Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1979), p. 18, no. 3.

See G.I. Davies, Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance (Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991), p. 454; and Gabriel Barkay, “A Group of Stamped Handles from Judah,” Eretz-Israel 23 (Avraham Biran volume, 1992), pp. 113–128.

Sale 6517, December 14, 1993.

Attempts to date the aqueduct to the Judahite monarchy are no more than interesting because there is no proof of an Iron Age date, nor do we know of any installation that this project could supply water to, whereas, during the Hasmonean period, the Baris definitely was such a target.

See Josephus, Jewish War 1.75.

Josephus, Jewish War 5.331.

See Y. Nir, Jerusalem and the Land of Israel—In the Footsteps of the Early Photographers (in Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Defense Ministry Publications, 1986).

Moreover, it became the residence of the Maccabean family until they built a new palace in what is now the Jewish Quarter of the Old City. See Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 14.59; Josephus Jewish War 1.143. The latter palace became the residence of Agrippa II. See Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 20.190 and Jewish War 2.344.