Biblical Archaeology Review

Hershel Shanks, “The City of David After Five Years of Digging,” BAR 11:06.

Ivan Van Sertima, African Presence in Early Europe (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Pub. [Rutgers], 1985); cf. Chancellor Williams, The Destruction of Black Civilization: Great Issues of Race from 4500 B.C. to 2000 A.D. (Chicago: Third World, 1974).

Cheikh Anta Diop, “Origin of the Ancient Egyptians,” in Mokhtar, General History of Africa, pp. 27–51.

See General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa, ed. G. Mokhtar (Berkeley: Univ. of Calif., 1981), pp. 58–76.

Victor Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology. Vol. I: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology (Wadsworth, 1971).

See Frank M. Snowden, Jr., Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ., 1970); Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ., 1983).

Rosalie David and Eddie Tapp, Evidence Embalmed (Manchester, UK: Manchester Univ., 1984), pp. 96–103. Table 4, p. 99, shows that modern Egyptians are 33 percent Group A, 24 percent Group B, 7 percent Group AB and 36 percent Group O. Preliminary work on mummies’ blood groups shows a similar distribution.

Aldred, Akhenaten, pp. 92–94 and fig. 13. A good assessment of the care necessary in considering Egyptian sculpture generally is Ronald Spanel’s Through Egyptian Eyes: Egyptian Portraiture (Birmingham Museum of Art, 1988), pp. 1–37.

For instance, see Aldred, Egyptian Art (London: Thames and Hudson, 1980), pp. 169–183.