Biblical Archaeology Review

The A-Group spread to Ta-Sety in the early Naqada II period and was Naqada II culturally. See Bruce Trigger et al., Ancient Egypt: A Social History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ., 1983), p. 6, fig. 1.1; p. 28, fig. 1.2. The population was very similar to Late Naqadan and early Dynastic Upper Egyptian, see El-Batrawi, “The Racial History of Egypt and Nubia Part 2, ” p. 144; linguistically they were Egyptian, as their hieroglyphs are those of the later pharaonic culture.

Bruce Williams, “The Lost Pharaohs of Nubia,” Archaeology 33 (1980), pp. 12–21; Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier: The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul Cemetery L, Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition, vol. III (Chicago Univ. of Chicago, 1986), pp. 163–190.

See, for example, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 1 (Berkeley: Univ. of California, 1973), pp. 18–23, 25–27, 118–120 and 136–138; note the pejorative language used at times regarding foreigners.

See Strabo, Geography, Bk. 1, ch. 3, para. 10; Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Bk. 7; Diodorus, Universal History, Bk. 3; Aeschylus, The Suppliants, vv. 719–20; Aristotle, Physiognomy; Apollodorus, Bk. II.

See Herodotus Histories, Bk. 2, p. 104.

Ivan Van Sertima, ed., Journal of African Civilizations 8/1 (1986), pp. 49–52. See also, Chiekh Anta Diop, The Cultural Unity of Black Africa (Chicago Third World Press, 1977).

“The Lost Pharaohs of Nubia,” Archaeology 33/5.

The term “ancient Egyptian” is a misnomer. The ancient land that is called present-day Egypt was known as KMT during the time of so-called Dynastic Egypt. By inserting vowels between the consonants, one derives Kemet. Hence the people are Kemetic.

I am indebted to David Dorsey for calling this prohibition to my attention.