Biblical Archaeology Review

See the twin shrines of Sardis in Asia Minor and the niche of Dura Europas in Syria in Hershel Shanks, Judaism in Stone (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), pp. 172, 89, 92. At neither of these sites, however, is the identification certain.

The 1981 excavations were sponsored by Duke University and the American Schools of Oriental Research; in 1980 the National Geographic Society and Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary were additional sponsors. Eric Meyers served as Director, with Carol Meyers and James Strange as Associate Directors and Lawrence Belkin as Architect.

A translation of the tale in its entirety may be found in the second volume, pp. 211–15, of Miriam Lichtheim’s Ancient Egyptian Literature (Berkeley, 1973).

Frank Moore Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History and Religion of Israel (Cambridge, Mass., 1973), pp. 131–32. My understanding of Exodus 15 is similar to that of Cross but for my view that lines 16b–17, which speak of the Conquest, are couched in the future tense.

Jack Finegan, Let My People Go: A Journey through Exodus (New York, 1963), p. 87. The author discusses in authoritative manner the many theories of the Exodus in this excellent popular book.

A convenient and authoritative discussion of the Egyptian evidence may be found in A. Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford, 1961), p. 270 f. The Philistines themselves do not figure in the invasion of Egypt in the time of Merneptah, but make their appearance in Egypt in the time of Ramesses III (1182–1151), in his eighth regnal year (1174), as invaders from Asia (Palestine) where they were already settled. For discussion, see Gardiner, p. 283 f.

See Manfred Bietak, Tell el-Daba, Vol. II (Vienna: Verlag der Osterreichischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften, 1975).

See D.B. Redford, “Exodus I, II”, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 13, pp. 408–413 (1963).

See A. Alt, “Die Delta-residenz der Ramessiden.” Festschrift Friedrich Zucker, Berlin, 1954.