Bible Review

See the valuable recent study of Carol Newsom, “ ‘Sectually Explicit’ Literature From Qumran,” in The Hebrew Bible and its Interpreters, ed. William H. Propp, Baruch Halpern and David Noel Freedman, Biblical and Judaic Studies 1 (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 167–187.

Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 14.12–13, cf. 9.10–16.

Todd Beall, Josephus’ Description of the Essenes Illustrated by the Dead Sea Scrolls, Society for New Testament Studies Monograph series 58 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988).

Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 7.13.

Josephus, The Jewish War, 2.8, 9, 147.

Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 6.17–22.

Josephus, The Jewish War, transl. H. St. J. Thackeray, Loeb Classical Library (London: Heinemann/Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1976), 2.8, 3, 122.

Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 3.21–23

All translations from Qumran texts are those from Geza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (Sheffield, UK: JSOT Press, 3rd ed. 1987); Vermes refers to the Manual of Discipline (1QS) as the Community 3.15–16.

Josephus, Antiquities, 13.5, 9, 171–173.