Bible Review

The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark’s Monastery, vol. II, fasc. 2: Plates and Transcription of the Manual of Discipline, ed. Millar Burrows (New Haven, CT: American Schools of Oriental Research. 1951).

Pliny, Natural History 1, p. ix. A possible source for the passage under discussion is Marcus Agrippa, who wrote before 12 B.C.E.; he is the first authority whom Pliny lists for the information in Book 5 (the lengthy catalogue of sources constitutes the first book of Pliny’s composition). See the comments of J.J. Tierney, “The Map of Agrippa,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 63, section C, no. 4 (Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, 1963), p. 155. I thank my colleague Stephen Goranson for this reference.

The work, which was dedicated to Titus before he became emperor, was completed in about 77 C.E. (Pliny, Natural History 1 [1938], Preface, p. viii). The settlement at Qumran was destroyed about 68 C.E.

Pliny, Natural History 2, transl. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library (London: Heinemann/Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1969), 5.15, 73.

Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, transl. Ralph Marcus, Loeb Classical Library (London: Heinemann/Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1966), 13.5, 9, 171–172.

See Moshe Weinfeld, “The Loyalty Oath in the Ancient Near East,” Ugarit Forschungen 8 (1976), p. 406ff.

Pliny the Younger, Epistle ad Traianus 10, 96:7.

Mishnah, Tamid 5:1.

The full Shema‘ consists of Deuteronomy 6:49, 11:13–21 and Numbers 15:37–41.

Philo, On the Decalogue 107.