Biblical Archaeology Review

Josephus, War 2.123.

Josephus, War 2.147.

Josephus, War 2.151–159.

Josephus, War 2.119.

Josephus, War 1.7.

The title Against Apion is a misnomer. The Egyptian Apion is only one of several opponents confronted.

Yigael Yadin, The Message of the Scrolls (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957), p. 186.

The Essenes are also discussed by the first-century Alexandrian Jewish philosopher Philo. In a recent article Joan E. Taylor makes somewhat the same kind of argument with respect to Philo that I make here with regard to Josephus: “Archaeologists and historians wishing to understand Philo’s presentation of the Essenes cannot read a translation of Philo’s texts on this group in isolation, without a clear knowledge of his language, rhetoric and his works as a whole ... Philo used the Essenes as a rhetorical tool.

Hannah M. Cotton and Michael Wörrle, “Seleukos IV to Heliodoros—A New Dossier of Royal Correspondence from Israel,” Zeitschrift für Philologica und Epigrafia 159 (2007), pp. 191–203. This BAR article is based largely on their scholarly article.

The inscription is on permanent loan to the Israel Museum by Michael and Judy Steinhardt, who recently acquired the stela in cooperation with the museum.