Endnote 4 - Shasu or Habiru: Who Were the Early Israelites?
Anson Rainey and R. Steven Notley, The Sacred Bridge (Jerusalem: Carta, 2006), p. 89.
Biblical Archaeology Review
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Endnote 3 - Shasu or Habiru: Who Were the Early Israelites?
Anson Rainey, Review of O. Loretz, Habiru-Hebräer, Eine sozio-linguistiche Studie über die Herkunft des Gentiliziums ‘ibr zum Appellativum ‘abiru, in Journal of the American Oriental Society 107 (1987), pp. 539–541.
Endnote 2 - Shasu or Habiru: Who Were the Early Israelites?
For Abdi-Heba’s letters, see EA 280, 285, 286, 287, 288 in William Moran, The Amarna Letters (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1992), pp. 279–280, 325–332.
Endnote 1 - Shasu or Habiru: Who Were the Early Israelites?
The true Semitic form of the word is obscured by the Akkadian syllabic script of the Amarna Letters and other cuneiform documents. The word is really ‘apiru meaning “dusty, dirty.”
Endnote 9 - Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?
Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? p. 212.
Endnote 8 - Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?
Eveline van der Steen, “The Central East Jordan Valley in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 302 (1996), pp. 51–74.
Endnote 7 - Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?
The pillared houses of the Cisjordan hill country are actually of the three-room house type, unlike, for example, the houses found in the Negev of Judah at Tel Masos which were built along the four-room plan.
Endnote 6 - Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?
This chart, showing both the 13th-century B.C.E. and the 12th-century B.C.E. vessels from Izbet Sartah, Shiloh and Tall al-‘Umayri can be found on p. 51 of Anson F. Rainey, “Whence Came the Israelites and Their Language?” Israel Exploration Journal 57 (2007), pp. 41–64.
Endnote 5 - Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?
Dever, Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? pp. 122–123.
Endnote 4 - Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?
Today, by far the most accurate and up-to-date analysis of the archaeological evidence for Israel’s origins from an anthropological viewpoint is Avraham Faust, Israel’s Ethnogenesis: Settlement, Interaction, Expansion and Resistance (London: Equinox, 2007).
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